#education

Feedback is most effective when it arrives close in time to the action it responds to. Delayed feedback requires the learner to reconstruct the contex…

Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory: intrinsic motivation (doing something for its own sake) is more robust than extrinsic motivation (reward or…

The testing effect (retrieval practice effect): testing yourself on material produces better long-term retention than re-studying the same material fo…

Transfer — applying learning from one context to another — is the goal of education but is frustratingly difficult to produce. Near transfer (similar…

What gets assessed is what gets learned. This is not controversial — it's observed everywhere. If you assess recall, students will memorize. If you a…

The Socratic method, as practiced, is not just asking questions — it's asking questions designed to reveal a contradiction the interlocutor hasn't not…

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the space between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with expert assistance. Ins…

A desirable difficulty is an instructional condition that slows initial learning but improves long-term retention and transfer. The main desirable di…

Working memory has limited capacity — roughly 4 items simultaneously, with a narrow time window before they decay. This is not a deficiency; it's a de…