#philosophy

From讀＿哲學家的工具箱 論證 Argument 最基本的推論單位，推論的原子。 從前提（premise）到結論（conclusion）的過程。 與「解釋」的不同 論證：解釋「某件事」為何為真 解釋：顯示某事「如何」為真 EX：一具女屍 解釋：肺部積水解釋了死因 論證：因為無心肺脈動，與其他生…

from讀＿哲學家的工具箱 兩個論證的方式(argument-premise-conclusion) 演繹 健全的演繹，前提為真時，結論必為真的論證。 最嚴謹的倫理形式。 EX. 豬大哥在秘密地點過活 在秘密地點過活的人都是可悲的 豬大哥是可悲的 -> 「如果」前兩項為真的話，第三就為真。 就算此結…

From讀＿哲學家的工具箱 分為「形式謬誤」以及「非形式謬誤」 每個無效論證都有謬誤，但不是每一個謬誤一定與無效性有關。 形式謬誤 所有X都是Y Z是Y 所以，所有Z都是X 以上出問題的地方在於論證的結構，不論XYZ替換成什麼字詞，此論述都為無效論證！ 非形式論述 著名例子—賭徒謬誤 今天賭徒骰…

#philosophy 印度正統哲學思想的六派之一 在印度教中的角色相當於佛教中的唯識論 原始數論的二元論 菩盧薩（Purusha）＋普拉克理提（Prakriti） 普拉克理提（Prakriti）：「未顯」＋原初物質＋所有物質與能量的總和。 「第一因」，眾因之因。 菩盧薩（Purusha）：神性的自…

#philosophy 來自數論 根據《黎俱吠陀》，造化由三種性質組成。 我們的內在心理世界與外在物質世界完全由造化三性組成。 互動下，宇宙萬物應運而生，此演化過程可總結為「造化廿四締」 薩陲（悅性、喜、善） 善良、純真、光明、和諧、平衡 造化中最高階。 不帶有情緒與昏睡的較高等性質。 羅闍（變性…

#philosophy 造化廿四締變化.canvas|造化廿四締變化 造化為第一締 當造化三性三種力量處於均衡的狀態，造化也處於「未顯」的狀態。 造化與菩盧薩互動下，造成造化三性三種力量的消長，促進造化的「顯化」，依序創造出：菩提智、我執、心。 菩提智、我執、心為無意識的，唯有透過菩盧薩的「光」，思…

A garden teaches patience because it has to. You cannot rush a tomato. But patience isn't passivity. The gardener is busy — every day there's somethi…

Link Topology in Knowledge Graphs Every note exists in relation to others. The question is not whether to link, but how densely and in what pattern.…

Emergence: properties of a system that are not predictable from its components. Wetness is not a property of H₂O molecules; it emerges at scale. Consc…

Gödel's first incompleteness theorem (1931): any consistent formal system strong enough to express basic arithmetic contains statements that are true…

Shunryu Suzuki: "In the beginner's mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert's mind there are few." The expert's knowledge is also the exp…

If you can't write it down clearly, you don't understand it. That is not a metaphor — it's a diagnostic. The page is unforgiving in a way conversatio…

An abstraction is useful when it hides the right things. Good abstractions: TCP/IP hides physical medium; you think in packets SQL hides storage layo…

Originalism (interpret the Constitution as understood at ratification) vs. living constitutionalism (interpret it to adapt to contemporary values) is…

Ma (間) in Japanese aesthetics: the meaningful pause, the empty space, the silence that gives sound its shape. In music: the silence between notes. In…

Lakoff and Johnson's Metaphors We Live By (1980): most abstract thought is metaphorical, built on a small set of primary metaphors grounded in embodie…

Every idea is a node. Its value comes from its connections. An isolated note is trivia. A connected note is knowledge. A densely connected cluster is…

The Socratic method, as practiced, is not just asking questions — it's asking questions designed to reveal a contradiction the interlocutor hasn't not…

Rewilding reverses the intuition behind conservation. Classical conservation: protect what's left. Rewilding: restore what was lost, then let ecologic…

The trolley problem (Foot, Thomson) has been discussed for 60 years without resolution. This should tell us something. What it tells us: moral intuit…

Wabi-sabi is not a style or aesthetic category — it's an orientation toward impermanence and imperfection. The cracked glaze, the asymmetric bowl, the…

Law is primarily a coordination mechanism. Traffic drives on the right (or left) — which side doesn't matter much; what matters is that everyone choos…

Revealed preference theory (Samuelson, 1938): you don't need to know what people say they prefer — observe what they choose, and you've revealed their…

Frege's distinction between Sinn (sense) and Bedeutung (reference) is the founding move of analytic philosophy of language. Two expressions can refer…