論證、前提與結論
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論證 Argument
最基本的推論單位，推論的原子。
從前提（premise）到結論（conclusion）的過程。
與「解釋」的不同
論證：解釋「某件事」為何為真
解釋：顯示某事「如何」為真
EX：一具女屍
解釋：肺部積水解釋了死因
論證：因為無心肺脈動，與其他生命跡象，得出她以死亡…
演繹、歸納
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from讀＿哲學家的工具箱
兩個論證的方式(argument-premise-conclusion)
演繹
健全的演繹，前提為真時，結論必為真的論證。
最嚴謹的倫理形式。
EX.
豬大哥在秘密地點過活
在秘密地點過活的人都是可悲的
豬大哥是可悲的
-> 「如果」前兩項為真的話，第三就為真。
就算此結果聽起來很錯誤，但仍…
論證中的謬誤與如何反駁他們
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→ 無效論證
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From讀＿哲學家的工具箱
分為「形式謬誤」以及「非形式謬誤」
每個無效論證都有謬誤，但不是每一個謬誤一定與無效性有關。
形式謬誤
所有X都是Y
Z是Y
所以，所有Z都是X
以上出問題的地方在於論證的結構，不論XYZ替換成什麼字詞，此論述都為無效論證！
非形式論述
著名例子—賭徒謬誤
今天賭徒骰出了七次人頭朝上，他…
數論
#philosophy
印度正統哲學思想的六派之一
在印度教中的角色相當於佛教中的唯識論
原始數論的二元論
菩盧薩（Purusha）＋普拉克理提（Prakriti）
普拉克理提（Prakriti）：「未顯」＋原初物質＋所有物質與能量的總和。
「第一因」，眾因之因。
菩盧薩（Purusha）：神性的自我（神我），純然意識…
造化三性
→ 數論
→ 造化廿四締
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#philosophy
來自數論
根據《黎俱吠陀》，造化由三種性質組成。
我們的內在心理世界與外在物質世界完全由造化三性組成。
互動下，宇宙萬物應運而生，此演化過程可總結為「造化廿四締」
薩陲（悅性、喜、善）
善良、純真、光明、和諧、平衡
造化中最高階。
不帶有情緒與昏睡的較高等性質。
羅闍（變性、憂、激）
代表可好…
造化廿四締
- [[造化廿四締變化.canvas|造化廿四締變化]]
- 造化為第一締
- 當[[造化三性]]三種力量處於均衡的狀態，造化也處於「未顯」的狀態。
- 造化與菩盧薩互動下，造成造化三性三種力量的消長，促進造化的「顯化」，依序創造出：菩提智、我執、心。
- 菩提智、我執、心為無意識的，唯有透過菩盧薩的「光」，思想、心智活動才可能覺醒。
on-patience
A garden teaches patience because it has to. You cannot rush a tomato.
But patience isn't passivity. The gardener is busy — every day there's something to wate…
link-topology
→ on-linking-ideas
→ writing-is-thinking
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Link Topology in Knowledge Graphs
Every note exists in relation to others. The question is not whether to link, but how densely and in what pattern.
Same-vaul…
emergence-and-complexity
Emergence: properties of a system that are not predictable from its components. Wetness is not a property of H₂O molecules; it emerges at scale. Consciousness (…
godel-incompleteness
Gödel's first incompleteness theorem (1931): any consistent formal system strong enough to express basic arithmetic contains statements that are true but unprov…
the-beginner-s-mind
Shunryu Suzuki: "In the beginner's mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert's mind there are few."
The expert's knowledge is also the expert's cons…
writing-is-thinking
If you can't write it down clearly, you don't understand it. That is not a metaphor — it's a diagnostic.
The page is unforgiving in a way conversation isn't. I…
on-abstraction
- TCP/IP hides physical medium; you think in packets
- SQL hides storage layout; you think in sets
- Functions hide implementation; you think in transformations
strict-vs-loose-construction
Originalism (interpret the Constitution as understood at ratification) vs. living constitutionalism (interpret it to adapt to contemporary values) is the domina…
ma-negative-space
Ma (間) in Japanese aesthetics: the meaningful pause, the empty space, the silence that gives sound its shape.
In music: the silence between notes. In architect…
metaphor-as-cognition
Lakoff and Johnson's Metaphors We Live By (1980): most abstract thought is metaphorical, built on a small set of primary metaphors grounded in embodied experien…
on-linking-ideas
Every idea is a node. Its value comes from its connections.
An isolated note is trivia. A connected note is knowledge. A densely connected cluster is understan…
socratic-method-mechanics
The Socratic method, as practiced, is not just asking questions — it's asking questions designed to reveal a contradiction the interlocutor hasn't noticed.
The…
rewilding-philosophy
Rewilding reverses the intuition behind conservation. Classical conservation: protect what's left. Rewilding: restore what was lost, then let ecological process…
trolley-problem-limits
The trolley problem (Foot, Thomson) has been discussed for 60 years without resolution. This should tell us something.
What it tells us: moral intuitions are i…
wabi-sabi-materials
Wabi-sabi is not a style or aesthetic category — it's an orientation toward impermanence and imperfection. The cracked glaze, the asymmetric bowl, the moss-cove…
law-as-coordination
Law is primarily a coordination mechanism. Traffic drives on the right (or left) — which side doesn't matter much; what matters is that everyone chooses the sam…
revealed-preference
Revealed preference theory (Samuelson, 1938): you don't need to know what people say they prefer — observe what they choose, and you've revealed their preferenc…
meaning-through-reference
Frege's distinction between Sinn (sense) and Bedeutung (reference) is the founding move of analytic philosophy of language.
Two expressions can refer to the sa…
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